"Change is a process, not an event" - James O Prochaska, Ph.D.

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Wayne F. Velicer

Wayne F. Velicer, Ph.D.

Principal

An original developer of the Transtheoretical Model of Change, Dr. Velicer guides Pro-Change’s research methodology and approach to expert system development.

Considered a pioneer in the development of expert system technology, he has been Principal Investigator or Co-PI on more than $90 million in research grants for health behavior change and published more than 200 papers on such topics as behavior change for health promotion and disease prevention, factor analysis and component analysis, time series analysis, and measurement development.

One of the top 12 most quoted authors in psychology, Dr. Velicer serves as Co-Director of the Cancer Prevention Research Center and Professor of Psychology at the University of Rhode Island. He earned his Ph.D. in Psychology with emphasis on quantitative methods from Purdue University.

Publications

A. Factor/Component Analysis and Structural Models

Velicer, W.F., & Fava, J.L. (1998). The effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3, 231-251.

Fava, J.L., & Velicer, W.F. (1996) The effects of underextraction in factor and component analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 907-929.

Ding, L., Velicer, W.F., & Harlow, L.L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2, 119-144.

Fava, J.L., & Velicer, W.F. (1992). The effects of overextraction on factor and component analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 27, 387-415.

Fava, J.L., & Velicer, W.F (1992). An empirical comparison of factor, image, component, and scale scores. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 27, 301-322.

Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W.F. (1991). A comparison of several factor matching indices: A simulation study. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 323-343.

Velicer, W.F., & Jackson, D.N. (1990). Component analysis vs. common factor analysis: Some further observations. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 95-112.

(Target paper for a special issue of Multivariate Behavioral Research, which included comments on the Velicer and Jackson paper by P. Bentler & Y. Kano; F. Bookstein; R. Gorsuch; R. Loehlin; J. McArdle; S. Mulaik; W. Rozenboom; J. Steiger; P. Schonemenn; and K. Wediman, and the response below.).

Velicer, W.F., & Jackson, D.N. (1990). Component analysis vs. common factor analysis: Some issues in selecting an appropriate procedure. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 1-2

Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W.F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 265-275.

Velicer, W.F., & Fava, J.L. (1987). An evaluation of the effects of variable sampling on component, image, and factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 22, l93-2l0.

Zwick, W.R., & Velicer, W.F. (1986). Factor influencing five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432-442.

Velicer, W.F., Peacock, A.C., & Jackson, D.N. (1982). A comparison of component and factor patterns: A Monte Carlo approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 371-388.

Zwick, W.R., & Velicer, W.F. (1982). Variables influencing four rules for determining the number of components to retain. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 253-269.

Velicer, W.F. (1977). An empirical comparison of factor, image, and principal component patterns. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12, 3-22.

Velicer, W.F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 4l, 32l-327.

Velicer, W.F. (1976). The relation between factor score estimates, image scores and principal component scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 36, l49-l59.

Velicer, W.F. (1974). An empirical comparison of the stability of factor analysis, principal component analysis, and image analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34, 563-572.

B. Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Wright, J.A., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (in press). Testing the Predictive Power of the Transtheoretical Model Applied to Dietary Fat Intake. Health Education Research, 00, 00-00.

Prochaska, J.O., Wright, J.A., & Velicer, W.F. (in press). Evaluating theories of behavior change: A Hierarchy of criteria applied to the Transtheoretical model. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 00, 00-00.

DePue, J.D., Goldstein, M.G., Redding, C.A., Velicer, W.F., Xiaowu Sun, X, Fava, J.L., Kazura, A., & Rakowski, W. (in press). Cancer Prevention in Primary Care: Predictors of Patient Counseling across Four Risk Behaviors over 24 Months. Preventive Medicine, 00, 00-00.

Prochaska, JO, Velicer, W.F. Colleen A. Redding, CA, Rossi, JS, Geoff W. Greene, GW, Paiva, A, Robbins, M, Blissmer, B, & Dye, G. (in press). Treatment, Stage, Severity and Effort Effects Predict Long-Term Changes in Multiple Behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 00, 00-00.

Velicer, W.F., Cumming, G., Fava, J.L., Rossi, J.S., Prochaska, JO, & Johnson, JL. (in press). Testing Theory-Using Quantitative Predictions of Effect Size. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 00, 00-00.

Velicer, W.F. & Prochaska, JO. (in press). Stage and Non-stage Theories of Behavior and Behavior Change: A Comment on Schwarzer. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 00, 00-00.

Prochaska, JJ, Velicer, W.F. Nigg, CR, & James O. Prochaska. (in press). Methods of Quantifying Change in Multiple Risk Factor Interventions. Preventive Medicine, 00, 00-00.

Sun, X, Prochaska, JO, Velicer, W.F. & Laforge, RG. (2007). Transtheoretical Principles and Processes for Quitting Smoking: A 24-Month Comparison of a Representative Sample of Quitters, Relapsers, and Non-Quitters. Addictive Behaviors, 00, 2707-2726.

Moolchan, ET, Fagan P, Fernander, AF, Velicer, W.F. Hayward, MD, King, G, & Clayton, RR. (2007). Addressing tobacco-related health disparities. Addiction, 102, 30-42.

Velicer, W.F. Friedman, R, Redding, C, Migneault, J, Hoeppner, B, & Prochaska, J. (2007). Project Health: Comparing modular and integrated approaches in a multiple risk factor intervention. Health Psychology Review, 1, (Supp. 1), 258. (Abstract.)

Velicer, W.F. Hoeppner, BB, Goodwin, MS, Mooney, ME, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, DK. (2006). Longitudinal Patterns of Smoking for Participants in a Nicotine Harm Reduction Intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13 (S 1), 206 .

Velicer, W.F. Friedman R, Redding, C, Migneault, J, Hoeppner, BB. (2006). Project HEALTH: Comparing three computer-based multiple risk factor interventions. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13 (S 1), 188 .

Levesque, DA, Velicer, W.F. Castle, PH, & Greene, RN. (in press). Resistance among domestic violence offenders: Measure development and initial validity. Violence Against Women, in press.

Greaves, L., Donna Vallone, D, & Velicer, W.F. (2006). Special Effects–Tobacco Policies and Low SES Girls and Women (Editorial). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60 (Supp II), ii1-ii2.

Keller, S, Maddock, JE, Laforge, RG, Velicer, W.F. Basler, H-D. (2007). Binge drinking and health behaviour in medical students. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 505-515.

Velicer, W.F., Friedman, R.H., Fava, J.L., Gulliver, S. B., Keller, S., Sun, X., Ramelson, H., & Prochaska, J.O. (2006). Evaluating NRT and Stage-based Therapies in a Population-based Effectiveness Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1162-1172.

Velicer, W.F. Redding, CA, Sun, X, & Prochaska, JO. (2007). Demographic variables, smoking variables, and outcome across five studies. Health Psychology, 26, 278-287.

Velicer, W.F. Redding, CA, Anatchkova, MD, Fava, JL, & Prochaska, JO. (2007). Identifying Cluster Subtypes for the Prevention of Adolescent Smoking Acquisition.  Addictive Behaviors, 32, 228-247.

Doucet, JM, Velicer, W.F. Laforge, RG. (in press). Demographic Differences in Support for Smoking Policy Interventions. Addictive Behaviors, 00, 00-00.

Hoeppner, BB, Velicer, W.F. Redding, CA, Rossi, JS, Prochaska, JO, Pallonen, UE, & Meier, KS. (in press). Psychometric Evaluation of the Smoking Cessation Processes-of-Change Scale in an Adolescent Sample. Addictive Behaviors, 00, 00-00.

Anatchkova, MD, Velicer, W.F. & Prochaska, JO. (2006). Replication of subtypes for smoking cessation with the Precontemplation stage of change. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1101-1115.

Stephan, C, Rossi, J, Redding, C, Fava, J, Robbins, M, Velicer, W.F. Johnon, J, Mauriello, L, Meier, K, & Prochaska, JO. (2006). Psychometric assessment of the Rhode Island Coping Inventory and Physical Symptoms Scale. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, S103 .

Velicer, W.F. Sun, X, Redding, CA, Prochaska, JO, Friedman, RS, & Migneault, J. (2006). Increasing Exercise Adherence in Multiple Risk Factor Interventions. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, S184 .

Doucet, J, Paiva, A, Redding, CA, Velicer, W.F. Rossi, JS, Meier, KS, Prochaska, JO, & Laforge, R. (2006). Processes of Change for Alcohol Prevention in an Adolescent Sample. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, S128 .

Dye, G, Rossi, JS, Blissmer, B, Velicer, W.F. CA, Riebe, D, Meier, KS, J, Prochaska, JO. (2006). Validation and reliability of the decisional balance, self-efficacy, and family support measures for exercise in parents. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 123 .

Dye, G, Rossi, JS, Blissmer, BB, Velicer, W.F. Redding, CA, Riebe, D, Meier, KS, Johnson, J, & Prochaska, JO. (2006). Validation and Reliability of Processes of Change Measures for Exercise in an Adolescent Sample. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, S123 .

Doucet, J.; Paiva, A, Redding, CA, Velicer, W.F. Rossi, JS, Meier, KS, Prochaska, JO, & Laforge, R. (2006). Decisional Balance and Temptation Measures for Alcohol Prevention in High School Students. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, S128 .

Höppner, BB, Hall, KL; Rossi, JS; Maddock, JE; Redding, CA; Meier, KS; Velicer, W.F. & Prochaska, JO. (2006). Validation of Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy Scales for Sun Protection in an Adolescent Sample. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, S040 .

Höppner, BB, Goodwin, MS; Velicer, W.F. Mooney, ME; & Hatsukami, DK. (2006). Identifying longitudinal patterns of daily smoking in a nicotine harm reduction intervention. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, S149 .

Velicer, W.F. Prochaska, JO, & Redding, CA. (2006). Tailored communications for smoking cessation: Past successes and future directions. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25, 47-55.

Prochaska, JJ, Velicer, W.F. Prochaska, JO, Delucchi, K, & Hall, SM. (2006). Comparing intervention outcomes in smokers treated for single versus multiple behavioral risks. Health Psychology, 25, 380-388.

Anatchkova, MD, Velicer, W.F. & Prochaska, JO. (2006). Replication of subtypes for smoking cessation with the Preparation stage of change. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 915-927.

Anatchkova, MD, Velicer, W.F. & Prochaska, JO. (2005). Replication of subtypes for smoking cessation with the contemplation stage of change. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 915-927.

Velicer, W.F., Keller, S., Friedman, R.H. Fava, J.L., Gulliver, S.B., Ward, R.M., Ramelson, H., Prochaska, J.O., Robins, A.G., & Cottrill, S.D. (2005). Comparing Participants and Non-participants Recruited for an Effectiveness Study of Nicotine Replacement Therapy. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 181-191.

Hollis, JF, Polen, MR, Whitlock, EP; Lichtenstein, E., Mullooly, JP, Velicer, W.F., & Redding, C.A. (2005). TEEN REACH: Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of a tobacco reduction program among teens seen in primary medical care. Pediatrics, 115, 981-999.

Velicer WF, Fava JL, & Prochaska JO. (2004). Testing 40 Predictions From the Transtheoretical Model Again, with Confidence. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11 (S 1), 365 .

Velicer, W.F. de Vries, H, Botelho, RJ, Evers, K, Robert Friedman, RH, & Prochaska, JO. (2004). An Overview of Tailored Interventions for Health Behavior Change. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11 (S 1), 344 .

Velicer, W.F. Prochaska, JO, Redding, C, Rossi, JS, Sun, X, Rossi, SR, Greene, GW, Fava, JL, Abrams, DB, Linnan, LA, & Emmons, KM. (2004). Efficacy of Expert System Interventions for Employees to Decrease Smoking, Dietary Fat, and Sun Exposure. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11 (S 1), 277 .

Prochaska, JO, Velicer, W.F. Redding, CA, Rossi, JS, Goldstein, M., DePue, J, Greene, GW, Rossi, SR., Sun, X., Fava, JL, Laforge, R, Rakowski, W, & Plummer, BA. (2005). Stage-based Expert Systems to Guide A Population of Primary Care Patients to Quit Smoking, Eat Healthier, Prevent Skin Cancer and Receive Regular Mammograms. Preventive Medicine, 41, 405-416.

Hoeppner, BB, Redding, CA, Rossi, JS, Sun, X, Prochaska, JO, Armstrong, KA, & Velicer, W.F. Predictors of 18-month retention in an adolescent sexual behavior study. . Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 27, S112.

Prochaska, J.O. & Velicer, W.F. (2004). Integrating Population Smoking Cessation Policies and Programs. Public Health Reports, 119, 244-252.

Ward, R.M., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., Fava, J.L., & Prochaska, J.O. (2004). Factorial Invariance and Internal Consistency for the Decisional Balance Inventory-Short Form. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 953-958.

Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., Redding, C. A., Greene, G.W., Rossi, S.R., Sun, X., Fava, J.L., Laforge, R., & Plummer, B.A. (2004). Multiple Risk Expert System Interventions: Impact of Simultaneous Stage-matched Expert System Interventions for Smoking, High Fat Diet and Sun Exposure in a Population of Parents. Health Psychology, 23, 503-516.

Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.M., & Johnson, J.L. (2004). Size, Consistency and Stability of Stage Effects for Smoking Cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 207-213.

Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (2004). A Comparison of Four Self-report Smoking Cessation Outcome Measures. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 51-60.

Prochaska, JO & Velicer, W.F. (2003). Impact vs. efficacy for pregnant smokers (Electronic letter). Tobbaco Control, (17 July 2003).

Norman, G.J., & Velicer, W.F. (2003). Developing an Empirical Typology for Regular Exercise. Preventive Medicine, 37, 635-645.

Fava, J.L., Rossi, J.S., Redding, C.A., Maddock, J.E., Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (in press). Progress toward cessation for smokers in precontemplation: Enhancing the change process. Addictive Behaviors, 00, 00-00.

Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J, Redding, C, Rossi, J, Sun, X, Rossi, S, Greene, G, Fava, J, Laforge, R, Goldstein, M., Rakowski, W., DePue, J., & Ehrlich, B. (2002). Efficacy of expert system interventions in primary health care patients to decrease smoking, dietary fat, sun exposure, and relapse from mammography. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9 (S 1), 286 .

Velicer, W.F., Fava, J., Prochaska, J., Ward, R., Cottrill, S., Friedman, R., Ramelson, H., Keller, S., Robins, A., & Gulliver, S. (2002) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in a Defined Population. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9 (S 1), 285 .

Velicer, W.F.va, J., Prochaska, J, Ward, W., Cottrill, S., Friedman, R., Ramelson, H., Keller, S., Robins, A., & Gulliver, S. (2002). Evaluating the effectiveness of NRT therapy in a population: Preliminary outcome (20 months). Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 4, 369. .

Evers, K.E., Prochaska, J.M., Driskell, M.M., Cummins, C. O., Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (2003). Strengths and weaknesses of health behavior change programs on the internet. Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 63-70.

Cummins, C.O., Prochaska, J.O., Driskell, M.M., Evers, K.E., Wright, J.A., Prochaska, J.M., & Velicer, W.F. (2003). Development of review criteria to evaluate health behavior change websites. Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 55-62.

Clark, M.A., Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B, Rimer, B.K., Velicer, W.F., Dube, C.E., Pearlman, D.N., Peterson, K.K., & Goldstein, M. (2002). The effect of a stage-matched and tailored intervention on repeat mammography. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 1-7.

Redding CA, Prochaska JO, Goldstein M, Velicer W.F., Rossi JS, Sun X, Rakowski, W, Rossi SR, Greene GW, DePue, J, Fava J, Laforge R, Ehrlich B., Willey, C., & Niaura, R.  (2002). Efficacy of stage-matched expert systems in primary care patients to decrease smoking, dietary fat, sun exposure, and relapse from mammography. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, S191. .

Prochaska JO, Velicer, W.F., Rossi JS, Redding CA, Greene GW, Rossi SR, Sun X, Fava JL, Laforge R, & Plummer B. (2002). Impact of simultaneous stage-matched expert systems for multiple behaviors in a population of parents. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, S191. .

Strecher, V.J., Velicer, W.F., & Little, R. (in press). Rapid response: Comments on Lennox et al. British Medical Journal, 00, 00-00.

Strecher, V.J., & Velicer, W.F. (in press). Tailoring smoking cessation programs to the specific needs and interests of the patient. British Medical Journal, 00, 00-00.

Velicer, W.F. (2001). Reply to Letter to the Editor. Preventive Medicine, 32. 390.

Johnson, J.L., Fava, J. L., Velicer, W.F., Monroe, A.D., & Emmons, K.M. (2002). Testing Stage Effects in an Ethnically Diverse Sample. Addictive Behaviors. 27, 605-617.

Emmons, K.M., Hammond, S.K., Fava, J.L., Velicer, W.F., Johnson, J.L., & Monroe, A.D. (2001). A Randomized Trial to Reduce Passive Smoke Exposure in Low Income Households with Young Children. Pediatrics, 108, 18-25.

Rossi, S.R., Greene, G.W., Rossi, J.S., Plummer, B.A., Benisovich, S.V., Keller, S, Velicer, W.F., Redding, C.A., Prochaska, J.O., Pallonen, U.E., & Meier, K.S. (2001). Validation of decisional balance and temptations measures for dietary fat reduction in a large school-based population of adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 2, 1-18.

Benowitz, N.L., Jacob, III, P., Ahijevych, K., Jarvis, M. J., Hall, S., LeHouezec, J., Hansson, A., Lichtenstein, E., Henningfield, J., Tsoh, J., Hurt, R.D., & Velicer, W.F. (2002). Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 4, 149-159.

Redding, C.A., Rossi, J.S., Rossi, S.R., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (2000). Health Behavior Models. The International Electronic Journal of Health Education, 3 (Special Issue), 180-193. (http:www.iejhe.siu.edu)

Hall, S.M., Delucchi, K.L., Velicer, W.F., Kahler, C.W., Ranger-Moore, J., Hedeker, D., Tsoh, J.Y., & Niaura, R. (2001). Statistical analysis of randomized trials in tobacco treatment: Longitudinal designs with dichotomous outcome. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 3, 193-202.

Emmons, K.M., Wong, M., Hammond, S.K., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., Monroe, A., & Johnson, J.L. (2001) Intervention and policy issues related to children’s exposure to tobacco smoke. Preventive Medicine, 32, 321-331.

Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., Rossi, JS, & Tsoh, JY (2001) Evaluating a Population-based Recruitment Approach and a Stage-based Expert System Intervention for Smoking Cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 583-602.

Plummer, B.A., Velicer, W.F., Redding, C.A., Prochaska, J. O., Rossi, J.S., Pallonen, U.E., & Meier, K.S. (2001). Stage of Change, Decisional Balance, and Temptations for Smoking: Measurement and Validation in a Large, School-based Population of Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 551-571.

Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., Ruggiero, L., Laforge, RG, Rossi, JS, Johnson, SS, & Lee, PA. (2001). Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage-matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting. Preventive Medicine, 32, 23-32.

Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., Fava, J.L., Rossi, J.S., Redding, C.A., Laforge, R.G., Robbins, M.L. (2000). Using the Transtheoretical Model for Population-based Approaches to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 40, 174-195.

Borland, R., Segan, C., & Velicer, W.F. (2000). Testing the Transtheoretical Model for Smoking Change: Victorian Data. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52, 83-88.

Levesque, D.A., Gelles, R.J., & Velicer, W.F. (2000) Development and validation of a stages of change measure for men in batter treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 175-199.

Norman, G.J., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., & Prochaska, J. O. (2000). Cluster subtypes within stage of change for a representative sample of smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 25, 183-204.

Nigg, C.R., Burbank, P.M., Padula, C., Dufresne, R., Rossi, J.S., Velicer, W.F., Laforge, R.G., & Prochaska, J.O. (1999). Stages of change across ten health risk behaviors for older adults. Gerontologist, 39, 473-482.

Velicer, W.F., Norman, G.J., Fava, J.L., & Prochaska, J.O. (1999). Testing 40 predictions from the Transtheoretical Model. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 455-469.

Greene, G.W., Rossi, S.R., Rossi, J.S., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., & Prochaska, J.O. (1999). Dietary applications of the stages of change model. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 99, 673-678.

Redding, CA, Prochaska, JO, Pallonen, UE, Rossi, JS, Velicer, W.F. Rossi, SR, Greene, GW, Meier, K, Evers, KS, Plummer, BA, & Maddock, JE. (1999). Transtheoretical individualized multimedia expert systems targeting adolescents’ health behaviors. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 6, 144-153.

Laforge, RG, Velicer, W.F. Richmond, R &Owen, N. (1999). Stage distributions for five health behaviors in the USA and Australia. Preventive Medicine, 28, 61-74.

Harlow, L.L., Prochaska, J.O., Redding, C.A., Rossi, J.S. Velicer, W.F., Snow, M.G., Schnell, D., Galavotti, C., O’Reilly, K., & Rhodes, F. and the AIDS Community Demonstration Research Group. (1999) Stages of condom use in a high HIV-risk sample. Psychology & Health, 14, 143-157.

Velicer, W.F. Prochaska, J.O., Fava, J.L., Laforge, R. G., & Rossi, J.S. (1999) Interactive versus non-interactive interventions and dose-response relationships for stage matched smoking cessation programs in a managed care setting. Health Psychology, 18, 21-28.

Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1999). An expert system intervention for smoking cessation. Patient Education and Counseling, 36, 119-129.

Laforge, RG, Rossi, JS, Prochaska, JO, Velicer, W.F. Levesque, DA, & McHorney, CA. (1999). Stage of regular exercise and health-related quality of life. Preventive Medicine, 28, 349-360.

Migneault, J.P., Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., & Stevenson, J.F. (1999). Decisional balance for immoderate drinking in college students. Substance Use and Misuse, 34, 1325-1346.

Greene, G.W., Rossi, S.R., Rossi, J.S., Fava, J.L., Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1998). An expert system intervention for dietary fat reduction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20 (supplement), S197.

Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B., Goldstein, M.G., Rimer, B.K., Pearlman, D.N., Clark, M.A., Velicer, W.F., & Woolverton, H. (1998). Increasing mammography among women aged 40-74 by use of a stage-matched, tailored intervention. Preventive Medicine, 27, 748-756.

Laforge, R.C., Velicer, W.F., Levesque, D.A., Fava, J.L., Hill, D.J., Scholfeld, P.E., Fau, D., De Vries, H., Shisana, W.O., & Conner, M. (1998). Measuring support for tobacco control policies in six countries. Tobacco Control, 7, 241-246.

Velicer, W.F. Prochaska, J.O., Fava, J.L., Norman, G.J., & Redding, C.A. (1998) Smoking cessation and stress management: Applications of the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change. Homeostasis, 38, 216-233.

Norman, G.J., Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., & Prochaska, J.O. (1998) Dynamic typology clustering within the stages of change for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 139-153.

Pallonen, U.E., Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., Rossi, J.S., Bellis, J.M., Tsoh, J.Y., Migneault, J.P., Smith, N.F., & Prokhorov, A.V. (1998) Computer-based smoking cessation interventions for adolescents: Description, feasibility, and six-month follow-up findings. Substance Use & Misuse, 33, 935-965.

Pallonen, U.E., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Prokhorov, A.V., & Smith, N.F. (1998) Stages of acquisition and cessation for adolescent smoking: An empirical investigation. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 303-324.

Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1997). Misinterpretations and misapplications of the Transtheoretical Model. (Invited paper). American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 11-12.

Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1997). The Transtheoretical Model of health behavior change. (Invited paper). American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 38-48.

Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1997) Introduction to special issue of American Journal of Health Promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 6-7.

Reed, G.R., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1997) What makes a good staging algorithm: Examples from regular exercise. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 57-67.

Migneault, J.P., Pallonen, U.E., & Velicer, W.F. (1997) Decisional balance and stage of change for adolescent drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 22, 339-351.

Schofield, P.E., Hill, D.J., & Velicer, W.F. (1997) Smoking Policy Interventions: Is Australian youth in favor of them? Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 7, 4-10.

Grimley, D.M., Prochaska, G.E., Prochaska, J.O,. Velicer, W.F., Galavotti, C., Cabral R.J. &Lanky, A. (1996). Cross-validation of measures assessing decision balance and self-efficacy for condom use. American Journal of Health Behavior, 20, 406-416.

Abrams, D.B., Orleans, C.T., Niaura, R.S., Goldstein, M.G., Prochaska, J.O, & Velicer, W.F. (1996) Integrating individual and public health perspectives for treatment of tobacco dependence under managed health care: A combined step care and matching model. Annuals of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 290-304.

Velicer, W.F. (1996) Introduction to special issue of Addictive Behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 21, 1-2.

Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1996). On models, methods, and premature conclusions. Addiction, 91, 1281-1283.

Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., Rossi, J., & DiClemente, C.C. (1996) A criterion measurement model for addictive behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 21, 555-584.

Fava, J.L., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1995) Applying the transtheoretical model to a representative sample of smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 189-203.

Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., Prochaska, J.O., Abrams, D.B., Emmons, K.M., & Pierce, J. (1995) Distribution of smokers by stage in three representative samples. Preventive Medicine, 24, 401-411.

Grimley, D.M., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, G.E. (1995). Contraceptive and condom use adoption and maintenance: A stage paradigm approach. Health Education Quarterly. 22, 20-35.

Velicer, W.F., Hughes, S.L., Fava, J.L., Prochaska, J.O., & DiClemente, C.C. (1995). An empirical typology of subjects within stage of change. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 299-320.

Velicer, W.F., Laforge, R.G., Levesque, D.A., & Fava, J.L. (1994). The development and initial validation of the Smoking Policy Inventory. Tobacco Control, 3, 347-355.

Abrams, D.B., Orleans, C.T., Niaura, R.N., Goldstein, M.G., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1994). Smoking treatment issues: Towards a stepped care approach. Tobacco Control, 2 (suppl.), 517-537.

Prokhorov, A.V., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1994). The transtheoretical model of change: A guide for behavioral treatment. Voprosi Psikhologii (Psychological Aspects), 2, 113-122. [Russian].

Prochaska, J.O., Redding, C.A., Harlow, L.L., Rossi, J.S., & Velicer, W.F. (1994). The transtheoretical model of change and HIV prevention: A review. Health Education, 21, 471-486.

Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., Goldstein, M.G., Marcus, B.H., Rakowski, W., Fiore, C., Harlow, L.L., Redding, C.A., Rosenbloom, D., & Rossi, S.R. (1994). Stages of change and decisional balance for twelve problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 39-46.

Rakowski, W., Bellis, J.M., Velicer, W.F., & Dube, C.A. (1993). Smoking status and mammography in a statewide survey. Addictive Behaviors, 18, 691-696.

Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., Bellis, J.M., DiClemente, C.C., Rossi, J.S., Fava, J.L., & Steiger, J.H. (1993). An expert system intervention for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 18, 269-290.

Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C. Velicer, W.F., & Rossi, J.S. (1993). Standardized, individualized, interactive and personalized self-help programs for smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 12, 399-405.

Velicer, W.F., & DiClemente, C.C. (1993). Understanding and intervening with the total population of smokers. Tobacco Control, 2, 95-96.

Velicer, W.F., Hughes, S.L., Fava, J.L., & Prochaska, J.O. (1992). An empirical typology of subjects within stages of change. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 623. .

Rossi, S.R., Rossi, J.S., Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1992). Application of the transtheoretical model of behavior change to dietary fat reduction. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 628. .

Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., Velicer, W.F., & Rossi, J.S. (1992). Criticisms and concerns of the transtheoretical model in light of recent research. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 825-828.

Velicer, W.F., Richmond, R., Greeley, J., Seift, W., & Redding, C.R. (1992). A time series investigation of three nicotine regulation models. Addictive Behaviors, 17, 325-345.

Rakowski, W., Dubé, C., Marcus, B., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., & Abrams, D. (1992). Extending the transtheoretical model of behavior change to screening mammography. Health Psychology, 11, 111-118.

Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., Rossi, J.S., & Snow, M. (1992). Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 23-41.

DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O., Fairhurst, S., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., & Velasquez, M. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation and contemplation/action. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295-304.

Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C.C., Guadagnoli, E., & Rossi, J. (1991). Patterns of Change: A dynamic typology applied to smoking cessation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 83-107.

Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C., Rossi, J.S., & Prochaska, J.O. (1990). Relapse situations and self-efficacy: An integrative model. Addictive Behaviors, 15, 271-283.

McConnaughy, E.A., DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1989). Stages of change in psychotherapy: A follow-up report. Psychotherapy, 26, 494-503.

O’Connell, D., & Velicer, W.F. (1988). A decisional balance measure for weight loss. The International Journal of Addictions, 23, 729-750.

Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C.C., & Fava, J.L. (l988). Measuring the processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 520-528.

Humphrey, A.B., Buechner, J.S., & Velicer, W.F. (1987). Differentiating geographic areas by socioeconomic characteristics. Northeast Journal of Business and Economics, l3, 47-64.

Stern, R.A., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., & Elder, J.P. (l987). Stages of adolescent cigarette smoking acquisition: Measurement and sample profiles. Addictive Behaviors, l2, 3l9-329.

Wilcox, N.S., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., & DiClemente, C.C. (1985). Subject characteristics as predictors of self-change in smoking. Addictive Behaviors, l0, 407-4l2.

Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., Velicer, W.F., Ginpil, S., & Norcross, J.C. (1985). Predicting change in status for self-changers. Addictive Behaviors, l0, 395-406.

Elder, J.P., …, & Velicer, W.F. (1985). A multivariate evaluation of the Health Attitudes and Behaviors Scale (HABS). Preventive Medicine, 14, 34-54.

Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O., & Brandenberg, N. (1985). A decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1279-1289.

McConnaughy, E.N., Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W.F. (1983). Stages of change in psychotherapy: Measurement and sample profiles. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 20, 368-375.

C. Longitudinal Analysis

Hoeppner, BB, Goodwin, MS, Velicer, W.F. Mooney, ME, & Hatsukami, DK. (in press). Detecting Longitudinal Patterns of Daily Smoking Following Drastic Cigarette Reduction. Addictive Behaviors, 00, 00-00.

Goodwin, MS, Velicer, W.F. & Intille, SS. (in press). Telemetric monitoring in the behavior sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 00, 00-00.

Hoeppner, BB, Goodwin, MS, Velicer, W.F. & Heltshe, J. (in press). An Applied Example of Pooled Time Series Analysis: Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stressors in Children with Autism. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 00, 00-00.

Goodwin, M.S., Groden, J., Velicer, W.F., Lipsitt, L.P., Baron, M.G., Hofmann, S.G., & Groden, G. (2006). Cardiovascular arousal in individuals with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21, 100-123.

Groden, J, Goodwin, MS, Baron, G, Groden, G, Velicer, W.F. Lipsitt, LP, Hofmann, SH, & Plummer, B. (2005). Assessing cardiovascular responses to stressors in individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20, 244-252.

Goodwin, MS, Considine, S., Groden, J., Baron, G, Groden, G, Velicer, W.F. Lipsitt, LP, & Hofmann, SH. (2004). Exploring heart rate responses to stereotypical behavior in an individual with autism. Autism and Related Developmental Disabilities Newsletter, 20, 1-4.

Velicer, W.F., & Colby, S.M. (2005). A Comparison of Missing Data Procedures for ARIMA Time Series Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 596-615.

Sun, X., Fava, J.L., & Velicer, W.F. (2001). Random-effects logistic models for behavioral change studies. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association. Arlington, VA: American Statistical Association.

Velicer, W.F., & Plummer, B.A. (1998). Time series analysis in Historiometry: A comment on Simonton. Journal of Personality, 66, 477-486.

Velicer, W.F., Martin.R.A., & Collins, L.M. (1996). Latent transition analysis for longitudinal data. Addiction, 91 (Suppl.), S197-S209.

Martin, R.A., Velicer, W.F., & Fava, J.L. (1996) Latent transition analysis applied to the stages of change. Addictive Behaviors, 21, 67-80.

Velicer, W.F., & McDonald, R.P. (1991). Cross-sectional time series designs: A general transformation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 247-254.

Harrop, J.W., & Velicer, W.F. (1990). Computer programs for interrupted time series analysis: II. A qualitative evaluation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 233-249.

Harrop, J.W., & Velicer, W.F. (1990). Computer programs for interrupted time series analysis: I. A qualitative evaluation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 219-231.

Harrop, J.W., & Velicer, W.F. (1985). A comparison of three alternative methods of time series model identification. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 20, 27-44.

Velicer, W.F., & McDonald, R.P. (1984). Time series analysis without model identification. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 19, 33-47.

Velicer, W.F., & Harrop, J.W. (1983). The reliability and accuracy of time series model identification. Evaluation Review, 7, 551-560.

Velicer, W.F. (1982). Prediction and association for N-Way classification tables. Evaluation Review, 6, 247-266.

Velicer, W.F. (1978). Suppressor variables and the semipartial correlation coefficient. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 953-958.

Velicer, W.F. (1972). The moderator variable viewed as heterogeneous regression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 266-269.

Velicer, W.F. (1972). Comment on the general inapplicability of Ghiselli’s moderator system for two predictors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 262-265.

D. Measurement and Personality Assessment

Goodwin, MS, Groden, J, Velicer, W.F. & Diller, A. (2007).Validating the Stress Survey Schedule for Persons with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22, 183-189.

Groden, J., Diller, A., Bausman, M., Velicer, W.F., Norman, G., & Cautela, J. (2001). A stress survey schedule for persons with autism and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Development Disorders, 31, 207-217.

Velicer, W.F., Huckel, L.H., & Hanson, C.E. (1989). A measurement model for measuring attitudes towards violence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 349-364.

Tavitian, M., Lubiner, J., Green, L., Grebstein, L., & Velicer, W.F. (l987). The development of the Family Functioning Scale. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 191-204.

Groden, G., Groden, J., Dondey, M., Zane, T., Pueschel, S.M., & Velicer, W.F. (1987). Effects of fenfluramine on the behavior of Autistic individuals. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 8, 203-211.

Govia, J.M., & Velicer, W.F. (1985). A comparison of multi-dimensional measures of aggression. Psychological Reports, 57, 207-215.

Velicer, W.F., Govia, J.M., Cherico, N.P., & Corriveau, D.P. (1985). Item format and the structure of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Aggressive Behavior, 11, 65-82.

Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C., & Corriveau, D.P. (1984). Item format and the structure of the Personal Orientation Inventory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8, 409-419.

Baker, E.H., & Velicer, W.F. (1982). The structure and reliability of the Teacher Temperament Questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 531-546.

Wilkens, J.E., & Velicer, W.F. (1980). A semantic differential investigation of children’s attitudes towards three stigmatized groups. Psychology in the Schools, 17, 364-371.

Oswald, W.T., & Velicer, W.F. (1980). Item format and the structure of the Eysenck Personality Inventory: A replication. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44, 283-288.

Church, M.A., Truss, C.V., & Velicer, W.F. (1980). The structure of the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50, 935-939.

Velicer, W.F., & Stevenson, J.F. (1978). The relation between item format and the structure of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2, 293-304.

Burns, C.J., & Velicer, W.F. (1977). Art instruction and the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test in fifth-graders. Psychology in the Schools, 14, 109-112.

Flook, W.M., & Velicer, W.F. (1977). School readiness and teacher’s ratings: A validation study. Psychology in the Schools, 14, 140-146.

Lord, C.G., & Velicer, W.F. (1975). Effects of sex, birth order, target relationship, and target sex on self disclosure by college students. Psychological Reports, 37, 1167-1170.

Velicer, W.F., & Weiner, B.J. (1975). Effects of sophistication and faking sets on the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Psychological Reports, 37, 71-73.

E. Books and Book Chapters

Velicer, W.F. (in press). Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change. In W. Donsbach (Ed) Encyclopedia of Communication. New York: Blackwell Publishing.

Redding, CA, Velicer, W.F. Evers, KE, & Prochaska, JO. (2007). Preventing Postpartum Relapse: Some New Approaches to Meeting the Challenge. In Hannöver, W, Röske, K, & Thryian, JR, (Eds), Smoking Cessation and Relapse Prevention in Women Post Partum. Lengerich: Pabst (pp. 96-112).

Goldberg, L.R., & Velicer, W.F. (2006). Principles of exploratory factor analysis. In S. Strack (Ed.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality: Second edition. New York, NY: Springer. (pp. 209-237).

Velicer, W.F., & Colby, S.M. (2005). Missing Data and the General Transformation Approach to Time Series Analysis. In Maydeu-Olivares, A. & McArdle, J.J. (Eds.), Contemporary Psychometrics. A Festschrift to Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 519-535). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Keller, S, & Velicer, W.F. (Eds) (2004). Research on the Transtheoretical Model: Where are we now, where are we going. Pabst: Lengerich

Velicer, W.F., & Fava, J.L. (2003). Time Series Analysis. In J. Schinka & W.F. Velicer (Eds.), Research Methods in Psychology (581-606). Volume 2 of Handbook of Psychology (I.B. Weiner, Editor-in-Chief). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Schinka, J., & Velicer, W.F. (Eds.) (2003). Research Methods in Psychology. Volume 2 of Handbook of Psychology (I.B. Weiner, Editor-in-Chief). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Velicer, W.F., Botelho, R.J., Prochaska, J.O., & Skinner, H.A. (2001). Computer systems that motive health behavior change. In Skinner H.A., Promoting Health Through Organizational Change. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings (Chapter 16, pp. 278-292).

Velicer, W.F., & Keller, S. (1999). Prognosen für die Zukunft des Transtheoretischen Modells (Predictions for the future of the Transtheoretical Model). In S. Keller (Ed.), Motivation zur Verhaltensänderung – Das Transtheoretische Modell in Forschung und Praxis (Motivation for Behavior Change-Research and application of the Transtheoretical Model). Freiburg: Lambertus. (pp. 229-248).

Keller, S., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1999) Das Transtheoretische Modell-Eine Ubersicht (The Transtheoretical Model-An Overview). In S. Keller (Ed.), Motivation zur Verhaltensänderung – Das Transtheoretische Modell in Forschung und Praxis (Motivation for Behavior Change-Research and application of the Transtheoretical Model). Freiburg: Lambertus. (pp. 17-44).

Redding, CA, Rossi, JS, Rossi, SR, Velicer, W.F.& Prochaska, JO. (1999). Health behavior models. In Hyner, GC, Peterson, KW, Travis, JW, Dewey, JE, Foerster, JJ, & Framer, EM. (Eds.), SPM Handbook of Health Assessment Tools. Pittsburgh, PA: The Society of Prospective Medicine & The Institute for Health and Productivity Management.

Velicer, W.F., Eaton, C.A., & Fava, J.L. (2000). Construct Explication through Factor or Component Analysis: A Review and Evaluation of Alternative Procedures for Determining the Number of Factors or Components. In Goffin, R.D., & Helmes, E. (Eds.), Problems and Solutions in Human Assessment: Honoring Douglas Jackson at Seventy. Boston: Kluwer. (pp. 41-71).

Velicer, W.F. & Pallonen, U.E. (1998). Expert system interventions for smoking cessation and prevention. In P. Kolip (ed.) GesundheitlichesRisikoverhalten im Jugenalter: Theoretische Konzeptionen und die Evaluation von Praentionsprogrammen. Germany: Juventa.

Velicer, W.F. & Colby, S.M. (1997). Time series analysis for prevention and treatment research. In K.J. Bryant, M. Windle, & S.G. West (Eds.) The Science of Prevention: Methodological Advances from Alcohol and Substance Abuse Research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association (pp. 211-249).

Prokhorov, A.V., Pallonen, U.E., Prochaska, J.O., Alexandrov, A.A., Velicer, W.F., & Allard, G.A. (1995) Readiness to change smoking behavior in different school environments. In K. Slana (ed.), Tobacco and health. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 639-642.

Pallonen, U.E., Velicer, W.F., Prochaska, J.O., & Smith, N.F. (1995). Feasibility of computer-based smoking interventions among teenagers: Recruitment and treatment retention. In R.R. Dholakia & D.B. Fortin (ed.), COTIM-95 Proceedings: Living and working in Cyberspace: New information system technologies at home and work. Newport, RI: COTIM95.

Rossi, J.S., Rossi, S.R., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O. (1995). To change or not to change: That is the question. In D.B. Allison, Handbook of the assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight related problems. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 387-430.

Velicer, W.F. (1994). Time series models of individual substance abusers. In R. Brown & W.J. Bukoski (Eds.), Advances in data analysis for prevention intervention research. Washington, D.C.: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIAA) Technical Review, pp. 264-301.

Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J.S., Ruggiero, L., & Prochaska, J.O. (1994). Minimal interventions appropriate for an entire population of smokers. In R. Richmond (Ed.), Interventions for smokers: An international perspective. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 69-92.

Grimley, D., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., & Blais, L.M. (1994). The transtheoretical model of change. In T. Brinthaupt & R.P. Lipka (Eds.), Changing the self: Philosophies, technique and experiences. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 201-229.

(Velicer, W.F., contributing author). (1990). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health benefits of smoking cessation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 90-8416, 1990.

Humphrey, A.B., Buechner, J.S., & Velicer, W.F. (1985). Geographic differentiation using factor and cluster analysis techniques on the 1980 U.S. Census for Rhode Island. Proceedings of the data use conference on small area statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pp.179-186.

Humphrey, A.B., Velicer, W.F., & Buechner, J.S. (l984). Factor analysis and cluster analysis of the l980 Census of Rhode Island. Providence, RI: Rhode Island Department of Health.